@prefix : . @prefix dct: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix schema: . @prefix skos: . @prefix xsd: . a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:label "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Ontology"@en , "Ontologie du Cadre mondial de la biodiversité de Kunming-Montréal"@fr , "Ontología del Marco Mundial de Biodiversidad de Kunming-Montreal"@es ; dct:created "2026-01-29"^^xsd:date ; dct:modified "2026-03-05"^^xsd:date ; dct:creator "Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat" ; rdfs:comment "Official ontology for the monitoring framework of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted at COP-15 in December 2022. Based on Decision 16/31 (February 2025) on indicators for the monitoring framework. Goals and Targets are parallel concepts at the same hierarchical level, both monitored by indicators."@en ; skos:note "Note on SKOS compatibility: The triplestore serving this ontology contains additional skos:broader/skos:narrower triples linking indicators to goals and targets. These are NOT part of this OWL model — they are materialized by the data loading pipeline solely to enable browsing in SKOSMOS, which requires a SKOS hierarchy. The canonical relationships defined here are :isHeadlineFor, :isBinaryFor, :isComponentFor, and :isComplementaryFor. These role-typed properties correctly express that a single indicator can have different roles for different goals or targets — a fact that a flat skos:broader hierarchy cannot represent."@en ; owl:versionInfo "1.0.1" ; rdfs:seeAlso , . ## Classes ## :Goal a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Goal"@en , "Objectif"@fr , "Objetivo"@es ; rdfs:comment "One of the four 2050 outcome-oriented Goals (A, B, C, D) of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Goals describe desired states of nature and biodiversity by 2050. Goals and Targets are parallel concepts at the same hierarchical level - they are not in a hierarchical relationship."@en ; rdfs:subClassOf skos:Concept ; skos:example "Goal A: The integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored..."@en . :Target a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Target"@en , "Cible"@fr , "Meta"@es ; rdfs:comment "One of the 23 action-oriented targets for 2030 under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Targets describe specific actions and milestones to be achieved by 2030. Goals and Targets are parallel concepts at the same hierarchical level - they are not in a hierarchical relationship."@en ; rdfs:subClassOf skos:Concept ; skos:example "Target 3: Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas... are effectively conserved and managed..."@en . :GoalOrTarget a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Goal or Target"@en ; rdfs:comment "Convenience class representing the union of Goal and Target."@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( :Goal :Target ) ] . :Indicator a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Indicator"@en , "Indicateur"@fr , "Indicador"@es ; rdfs:comment "A metric used to monitor progress toward goals and/or targets. An indicator's role (headline, binary, component, complementary) is determined by its relationship to goals/targets, not by its intrinsic type. A single indicator can play different roles for different goals or targets (e.g., indicator 7.1 is a headline indicator for Target 7 and a complementary indicator for Target 8)."@en ; rdfs:subClassOf skos:Concept ; skos:example "Indicator 7.1 is headline for Target 7 and complementary for Target 8"@en . ## Object Properties ## ## Headline Indicator Relationships ## :isHeadlineFor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is headline indicator for"@en , "est l'indicateur principal pour"@fr , "es indicador principal para"@es ; rdfs:comment "Links an indicator to the goal(s) or target(s) for which it serves as a headline indicator. Headline indicators are primary quantitative indicators that all Parties are requested to use in their national reports (Annex I of Decision 16/31)."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range :GoalOrTarget ; owl:inverseOf :hasHeadlineIndicator ; skos:example "Indicator A.1 is headline for Goal A; Indicator A.1 is headline for Target 1"@en . :hasHeadlineIndicator a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has headline indicator"@en ; rdfs:comment "Inverse of isHeadlineFor: links a goal or target to its headline indicator(s)."@en ; rdfs:domain :GoalOrTarget ; rdfs:range :Indicator . ## Binary Indicator Relationships ## :isBinaryFor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is binary indicator for"@en , "est l'indicateur binaire pour"@fr , "es indicador binario para"@es ; rdfs:comment "Links an indicator to the goal(s) or target(s) for which it serves as a binary indicator. Binary indicators are policy and action indicators with structured yes/no questions that all Parties are requested to respond to (Annex I of Decision 16/31)."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range :GoalOrTarget ; owl:inverseOf :hasBinaryIndicator ; skos:example "Indicator 1.b is binary for Target 1"@en . :hasBinaryIndicator a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has binary indicator"@en ; rdfs:comment "Inverse of isBinaryFor: links a goal or target to its binary indicator(s)."@en ; rdfs:domain :GoalOrTarget ; rdfs:range :Indicator . ## Component Indicator Relationships ## :isComponentFor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is component indicator for"@en , "est l'indicateur de composante pour"@fr , "es indicador de componente para"@es ; rdfs:comment "Links an indicator to the goal(s) or target(s) for which it serves as a component indicator. Component indicators are optional and provide specific detail on components of headline indicators (Annex II of Decision 16/31). Use is subject to national circumstances and priorities."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range :GoalOrTarget ; owl:inverseOf :hasComponentIndicator ; skos:example "Indicator A.CT.1 (Ecosystem Intactness Index) is component for Goal A"@en . :hasComponentIndicator a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has component indicator"@en ; rdfs:comment "Inverse of isComponentFor: links a goal or target to its component indicator(s)."@en ; rdfs:domain :GoalOrTarget ; rdfs:range :Indicator . ## Complementary Indicator Relationships ## :isComplementaryFor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is complementary indicator for"@en , "est l'indicateur complémentaire pour"@fr , "es indicador complementario para"@es ; rdfs:comment "Links an indicator to the goal(s) or target(s) for which it serves as a complementary indicator. Complementary indicators are optional and provide additional context (Annex II of Decision 16/31). Use is subject to national circumstances and priorities."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range :GoalOrTarget ; owl:inverseOf :hasComplementaryIndicator ; skos:example "Indicator A.CY.1 is complementary for Goal A; Indicator 7.1 is complementary for Target 8"@en . :hasComplementaryIndicator a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has complementary indicator"@en ; rdfs:comment "Inverse of isComplementaryFor: links a goal or target to its complementary indicator(s)."@en ; rdfs:domain :GoalOrTarget ; rdfs:range :Indicator . ## Datatype Properties ## :indicatorCode a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "indicator code"@en , "code de l'indicateur"@fr , "código del indicador"@es ; rdfs:comment "The unique identifier for the indicator following official patterns: {Goal/Target}.{number} for headline (e.g., A.1, 1.1), {Goal/Target}.b for binary (e.g., B.b, 1.b), {Goal/Target}.CT.{number} for component (e.g., A.CT.1, 2.CT.1), {Goal/Target}.CY.{number} for complementary (e.g., A.CY.1, 1.CY.1)."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; rdfs:subPropertyOf skos:notation ; skos:example "A.1, 1.1, B.b, 1.b, A.CT.1, 2.CT.1, A.CY.1, 1.CY.1"@en . :goalCode a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "goal code"@en , "code de l'objectif"@fr , "código del objetivo"@es ; rdfs:comment "The letter identifier for the goal. Must be one of: A, B, C, or D."@en ; rdfs:domain :Goal ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; rdfs:subPropertyOf skos:notation ; skos:example "A, B, C, D"@en . :targetCode a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "target code"@en , "code de la cible"@fr , "código de la meta"@es ; rdfs:comment "The numeric identifier for the target. Must be an integer from 1 to 23."@en ; rdfs:domain :Target ; rdfs:range xsd:integer ; rdfs:subPropertyOf skos:notation ; skos:example "1, 2, 3, ..., 23"@en . :custodianAgency a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "custodian agency"@en ; rdfs:comment "The international organization responsible for compiling and reporting data for this indicator, as designated in the KMGBF monitoring framework guidance (CBD/COP/16/INF/3/Rev.1, field 10a). Parallel to sdg:custodianAgency in the UN SDG ontology."@en ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; skos:example "International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"@en . ## Mappings to imported vocabularies ## skos:prefLabel rdfs:subPropertyOf schema:name . skos:notation rdfs:subPropertyOf schema:identifier . dct:subject a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain skos:Concept ; rdfs:range skos:Concept .